Early Dynastic Period of Egypt

Early Dynastic Period of Egypt

The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt c. 3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture and many aspects of religion, took shape during the Early Dynastic period.
Before the unification of Egypt, the land was settled with autonomous villages. With the early dynasties, and for much of Egypt's history thereafter, the country came to be known as the Two Lands. The rulers established a national administration and appointed royal governors. The buildings of the central government were typically open-air temples constructed of wood or sandstone. The earliest hieroglyphs appear just before this period, though little is known of the spoken language they represent.

About the year 3600 BC. AD. Was based on the culture of communities Neolithic Egypt along the Nile River, collecting crops and domestication of animals. After a short time (around 3600 BC. M.) Egyptian society began increasing growth and progress towards the formation of a great civilization. Appeared during this period, a new and distinctive pottery, and was linked with pottery from southern Levant. The use of copper and widespread during this time. Mesopotamia principles used in the manufacture of sun-dried bricks and architectural buildings, including the use of the bow and the walls with decorative effects, and became popular during this time.

Located archaeological sites dating back to the Archaic period , settlement manor "Tel KFOR star" (about 5 km southwest of the city of Kafr Saqr , Eastern Province ) , has appeared numerous archaeological evidence confirms the subordination of the site to the early era . The University of Zagazig Hvaúrha Active , which resulted in the discovery of a residential area of the pre-dynastic period , and the cemetery has 127 cemetery most of its contents intact , including 60 cemetery of the First Dynasty and 23 cemetery of the same era ; 17 cemetery in the Archaic period ; 13 Cemetery bus a lot of offerings , including Mcyprtan two children inside Ainain of pottery ( season 1990 ) ; and burials , some in the form of a squat , and skeletons inside jars and pottery jars holds most of the signs and the name of the King, " Narmer" ; coffins with her jewelry ( bracelets from stone schist , and anklet of stone in the right leg; ) ; panels kohl pots of schist stone and alabaster ; panels of slate ( schist ) for the preparation of kohl . This is in addition to other copper pots , and pieces of animal bones , and the remains of the vessels inside the bones of animals ( cemetery 127 ) ; and offerings . It amulets Scarab of stone live green ( ?) ; And amulet in the form of a fly perforated stone dark green , and the mascot of gold in the form of a bird " Ibis " ( stork ) leg one , which is of the rare cases in this place of the Archaic period ; Amulet other Garnet perhaps in the form of a winged hawk ( cemetery 123 ) . This is in addition to parts of the walls of the old residential area , and within several places by the effects of fire for ovens , stoves, and has been serving the people of the village .

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Ancient Egyptian Kingdom

Ancient Egyptian Kingdom

The Old Kingdom is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization – the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom).
The term itself was coined by eighteenth-century historians and the distinction between the Old Kingdom and the Early Dynastic Period is not one which would have been recognized by Ancient Egyptians. Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the 'capital', the royal residence, remained at Ineb-Hedg, the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis. The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large-scale building projects.
The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period. During the Old Kingdom, the king of Egypt (not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom) became a living god, who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects. The numerous references to the Old Kingdom kings as pharaohs in this article stems from the ubiquitous use of the term "pharaoh" to describe any and all Ancient Egyptian Kings.
Under King Djoser, the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court. A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign. King Djoser's architect, Imhotep is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form—the Step Pyramid.[4] Indeed, the Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the large number of pyramids constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids."

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Egypt prehistoric

Egypt Prehistoric

Egypt prehistoric period in the history of Egypt from the beginning of human Pettmtd reduce the period of the beginning of the primacy of families in Egypt and Petqal by prehistoric Ahan was before the beginning of the writing of history . Period prior to the date draw Neolithic Aptdt from about 6000 ( Stlav ) BC. Alaaچeptullaچaan Baiqsmo generally prehistoric periods Cultural each one the name of the place where Elly Akchwo for the first time a certain type of Egyptian settlement . Aktar and archaeological finds from the era before the families in Egypt were in Upper Egypt Ahan silt of the Nile River was significantly Baguety Delta region and buried most of the Delta locations for long periods before the modern era

Paleolithic down

The human life in Egypt on the mountains and hills , where conditions were harsh natural control the rights, and the means of his life is limited and primitive . , Where he lived the life of the Egyptian Human unstable , and the movement from one place to another in search of food , housing and caves and take up hunting animals and birds , and rely on the collection of seeds and fruits of plants and trees .
Making the people of this era tools of stone , such as the knife and the saw and ax , and the large-sized rough , and the ax was the most important stone tools , and in the end this era man knew how to use fire by rubbing stones solid together strongly , helped by the discovery of fire to the development of the life of the ancient Egyptian , so use it for cooking and lighting , and removal of predators and hunting animals .
And this era in Egypt appeared before 100 000 years of the advent of Christ


Middle Paleolithic

The most important of the three stages , where industries have emerged and spread stone and machinery industry has evolved , and through increased drought and say the rain and the spread of desert conditions , ending the civilizations of the Old Stone Age around 10,000 BC .


Neolithic ( Neolithic )

Back to 6000 or 5500 BC After that I said there was rain and drought, the plants have disappeared in the late Paleolithic , was forced to leave the plateau rights and recourse to the Nile Valley ( Delta , Fayoum, Egypt Central ) in search of water . In this new environment guided by human agriculture , and produced grain , such as wheat and barley , and domesticated animals and took care of livestock , goats, sheep , and lived the life of stability and order and construction , rather than a life on the move. And learn agriculture and civilization were earlier civilizations of that time . And established dwellings of mud and wood , which showed the population centers in the form of small villages and took care of the man buried their dead in graves , as developed in this age of machinery and tools industry where accuracy and characterized by small size, also making clay pots . It features a Neolithic transition to agriculture and stability , and the domestication of animals , and promote industry tools and weapons , and the construction of housing and tombs , and finally pottery .


Stone Age copper

Is the age of the use of metals which is the era in which Leila Neolithic , and ends with the beginning of the era of dynasties in ancient Egypt . In this era, known as the ancient Egyptians metals , such as copper, bronze and gold , and these minerals and their machines made ​​their tools and ornaments , and the broader copper minerals prevalent , and most important Managmeh in the Sinai Peninsula . Also in this era industry has evolved texture fabrics , wood , pottery , and built housing of milk instead of mud and reeds , and brush Balhasir made ​​of papyrus , and made ​​pillows. The most important characteristic of this age the appearance of some acts of worship , such as human reverence for some of the animals .

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Semerkhet

Semerkhet 

is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who ruled during the 1st dynasty. This ruler became known through a tragic legend handed down by ancient Greek historian Manetho, who reported that a calamity of some sort occurred during Semerkhet's reign. Thearchaeological records seem to support the view that Semerkhet had a difficult time as king and some early archaeologists even questioned the legitimacy of Semerkhet's succession to the Egyptian throne.

Manetho named Semerkhet Semêmpsés and credited him with a reign of 18 years, whilst the Royal Canon of Turin credited him with an implausibly long reign of 72 years.  Egyptologists and historians now consider both statements as exaggerations and credit Semerkhet with a reign of 8½ years. This evaluation is based on the Cairo Stone inscription, where the complete reign of Semerkhet has been recorded. Additionally, they point to the archaeological records, which strengthen the view that Semerkhet had a relatively short reign.

Semerkhet is well attested in archaeological records. His name appears in inscriptions on vessels made of schist, alabaster, breccia and marble. His name is also preserved on ivory tags and earthen jar seals. Objects bearing Semerkhet's name and titles come from Abydos and Sakkara.

Semerkhet's serekh name is commonly translated as "companion of the divine community" or "thoughtful friend". The latter translation is questioned by many scholars, since the hieroglyph khet (Gardiner-sign F32) normally was the symbol for "body" or "divine community"

Semerkhet's birth name is more problematic. Any artefact showing the birth name curiously lacks any artistic detail of the used hieroglyphic sign: a walking man with waving cloak or skirt, a nemes head dress and a long, plain stick in his hands. The reading and meaning of this special sign is disputed. Egyptologists such as Toby Wilkinson, Bernhard Grdseloff and Jochem Kahl read Iry-Netjer, meaning "He belongs to the gods". This word is often written with uniliteral signs nearby the ideogram of the man. Some ivory tags show the Nebty name written with the single sign of a mouth (Gardiner-sign D21). Therefore they read Semerkhet's throne name as Iry (meaning "one of them/he who belongs to...") and the Nebty name as Iry-Nebty (meaning "He who belongs to the Two Ladies"). This reconstruction is strengthened by the observation that Semerkhet was the first king using the Nebty title in its ultimate form. For unknown reason Semerkhet did not use the Nebuy title of his predecessor. It seems that he felt connected with the 'Two Ladies', a title referring to the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, both the female equivalents of Horus and Seth. The Nebty title was thought to function as an addition to the Nisut-Bity title

Scribes and priests of the Ramesside era were also confused, because the archaic ideogram that was used during Semerkhet's lifetime was very similar to the sign of an old man with a walking stick (Gardiner sign A19). This had been read as Semsu or Sem and means "the eldest". It was used as a title identifying someone as the head of the house. Due to this uncertainty, it seems that the compiler of the Abydos king list simply tried to imitate the original figure, whilst the author of the Royal Canon of Turin seems to have been convinced about reading it as the Gardiner-sign A19 and he wrote Semsem with uniliteral signs. The Royal Table of Sakkara omits Semerkhet's throne name. The reason for that is unknown, but all kings from Narmer up to king Den are also missing their throne names

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Queen Merneith

Queen Merneith 

The Queen of the First Dynasty in Egypt Den Den, and called Damon , and Edmo , Den - Simita , Wisut - Betty , is the sixth king of the kings of the first family . King Den has many accomplishments of the most important that has hampered bandits who were raiding the population of Delta Bank , the first king of thought in the organization of the Nile water and flooding in the area of ​​Fayoum , was allo foreclosures endowments on temples , was buried in the godmother buried in the cemetery are covered floor chunks of granite , the first king mentioned by name the title of " Nisot - Betty " and means that the King of Upper and sea . The images in stone Palermo wearing a white crown , a symbol of Upper Egypt and then wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt code . The uncovered at Saqqara cemetery secretary Hmaka by tablets of stone , copper , wood, ivory and adorned with scenes and some exquisite pieces of restaurant [ marble ] .. The reign in 3000 BC . AD for an indefinite period .

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Jet Pharaonic Village

Jet Pharaonic Village

Jet is located in the northern area of ​​the triangle between the bottom of the mountain, which is easy and flat hill and oversees the four directions . Jet limits from the east of the Green Line separating Israel and the West Bank , and now West Street " Trans-Israel " with the knowledge that there is for the people of Jet lands west of the Trans-Israel . Jet limits of the south of Kibbutz Magal Jewish and bounded on the north western city of bouquet .

Jet word found in some Semitic languages ​​, such as Hebrew and Alogarettah , meaning a hole carved rock era to the grapes .

The families of the village : wedge , surprise, east, Abu League , Abu Bean , Nadav , mays , north, Hussein Ali , a camel , Jassar , Abu scarf , Accad , Handgulw , safety , behind , king , accuracy , Aro , Mohsen , Badran , Abu virgin

The foundations of the local council in 1959 was headed by Ali Hussein Ali King . Total ownership of the village Jet 12700 acres of which 40 acres of land to stop the mosque , including the 70 acres for the absent 1000 acres of neighboring villages 6396 is not at the disposal of the people of Gath. In 1978 he was elected Professor Ahmed Mahmoud Abu League in the first direct election as president of the local council in Gath , then was re-elected for a second term in 1983 , in the third round of the elections has been elected Mr. Galal Abdel Kader wedge , and in the fourth session was re-elected Mr. Ahmed Mahmoud Abu League in 1993 , at the fifth session of the elections has been elected Dr. Mohammad Hassan Abu Bean in 1998 from the then government decided Israely integration of the local council of the village of Gath with the Municipality bouquet Bank, where he directs the towns local council joint was renamed the municipality , " municipality bouquet - Jet " , even the year 2011 where the decoder mergers and elections were held for each country , and after the elections of the local council in Jet Mr. Khalid was elected president of the village by surprise .

Jet temperate climate and average rainfall of 550 mm per year by rising from the sea and 138 m soil village Rndzina a calcareous soil . Barmen population of current and former agriculture and jobs and some trade. Jet and features heavily intellectuals of school dropout rate (0 % ), a characteristic in terms of Education has set up her first school in 1888 days of the Ottoman Empire .

There are ancient ruins near the village , the site covers an area of ​​about 7 hectares . Not in excavating the site , but in the two tombs , but archaeological surveys indicate that the site was inhabited during Almrahltien the second and third of the Bronze Age .

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King Hor-Aha

King Hor-Aha 

king Hor-Aha or the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty in ancient Egypt. He lived in almost century atheist thirty BC. Egyptian historian Maniton that Aha rule about 62 years

LG Dreyer discovered in the cemetery or punishment seals the first time the tomb of Mir Neath and bottom insert Hur Aha as the second pharaoh of the first family . His predecessor, Narmer unified Upper Egypt , Egypt Ambasslyely per Kingdom . Maybe ascended the throne Aha Hur in the late 32 s . M . Or early 31 century BC. AD . According to Manito , became pharaoh at the age of almost thirty , and ruled the country about sixty years.
Found to Pharaoh Aha two cemeteries , one in Abydos and the other located in the largest area of ​​Saqqara , what has become a tradition followed by most of the Pharaohs after him . [1] The cemetery lies Hur Aha area Dynasty tombs at Abydos first , known as the mother of punishment . Consists of three large rooms (B10 B15 B19) directly adjacent to the tomb of Narmer . [14] cemetery is rectangular rooms , and drilling directly into the desert floor , the walls lined with bricks . Tombs was Narmer Luca only two adjacent , while the cemetery Hur Aha comprises three separate compartments and larger . Why this type of architecture difficulty of building up large rooms bishop . Timber used for these structures , which were what are imported from Palestine .

According to Manito , was Hur Aha carries with Hippo , the embodiment of the god Seth . According to the theory that Hur Aha is the same legendary Mina , another story says that the Hur Aha killed by a hippopotamus while fishing was practiced .

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Pharaonic Panel Narmer

Pharaonic Panel Narmer 

At the top of the painting , we find two sides of a woman with her ears and cow horns , a goddess bulbs (which was named after Hathor ) and between the duplex and find interface palace " Aserkh " and the inscription inside the name of Narmer .
We find in the picture underneath the pharaoh photographer Large wears the crown of Upper Egypt ( South ) white and holding his weapon in his hand to smite his enemies one by northerners ( wig that distinguish the North ) , and behind the King and the King holder sandal with a bowl of water . And in front of the king , we find the god Horus in the Falcon offers the king the head of a prisoner and his body is a sign of the earth when the ancient Egyptians and out of papyrus is no evidence that they land north means that Horus submit to the king the land of Delta governed by and simplifies the influence.
After that we find in the bottom of the panel , two enemies Ahrban and next to each name boycott ( Bhutto and Sais ) each seen behind a sign on the strength of what Ahrban it, and charge a fee for Bjawarhma Hsnhma who seized him Narmer .

Part of the rear face of the panel
Secondly, the second face : - First , we find at the top of the picture and my face carved the same goddess Pat and their Aserkh ,
Bottom of the scene depicting the end of the war and walked King in victory parade heading to Temple City Bhutto holy , and here wears the king red crown crown Delta sweater and holder sandalwood and in front of large King and his ministers , and above it the word " Sat" means the Minister and to the Minister campaign flags . It flags conclude that ancient Egypt was the first of the central government in history , where the due date of the painting and the event to 3100 BC. We find the far-right group of prisoners cut their necks and placed between their feet ( and only a figurehead , but that did not happen already ) and see that all the prisoners to their feet face each other with the exception of two of them , and that distinction for them and thought they were two leaders of the north.
The bottom of this scene , we find a picture of two animals Jaravien intertwined necks intertwined to form a focus palette for grinding as a king At the end of the painting , we find King photographer on the " Thor" strong evidence of a magnitude destroys the defenses of enemies and a set foot enemies.

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King Menes united the two countries

King Menes united the two countries

King Menes united the two countries Pharaoh of the Egyptian family first city of Thebes (Luxor now), he was able to unite the two countries (the two kingdoms north and south) around the year 3200 BC. M. and title for this great bounty several titles such as (King of the Two Lands, the owner of Thrones, South Eagle, Snake North ). The king is considered the founder of the first family Mina Pharaonic.

Think of King Mina in the selection of sites mediates kingdoms north and south in order to be able to govern from Egypt, so he creates a castle surrounded by a fence white and he called (from - Navarre) is concerned with the beautiful harbor or white wall, which is still part of it remaining to now, and has been from fled the capital of Egypt in the age of the old state, and then he called the Greeks then Memphis or by rams, then called the Arab invasion of Egypt at Memphis, and is now a hostage dead zone of the city center and Badrasheen Giza Governorate.

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Citadel of Qaitbay

Citadel of Qaitbay

This castle is located at the end of the Pharos maximum west of Alexandria. And constructed in place of the old Alexandria Mannar which demolishes the year 702 AH following the devastating earthquake that occurred in the reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. Began Sultan al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Bey build this castle in the year 882 AH and ended 884 years of building e. The reason for his interest in Alexandria frequent direct threats to Egypt by the Ottoman Empire, which threatened the Arab region Bosrhoukd care of the Mamluk Sultan al-Ghouri Qansuh castle Fsad of Jamitha and shipped arms.

This takes the form of the castle square with an area of ​​150 m * 130 m surrounded by the sea on three sides . It contains the castle on the walls and the main tower in the North West . Divided fences to fence indoor and outdoor . Valsor interior includes barracks and arms depots . The outer wall of the castle fitted with the bodies of the four defensive towers rise to the level of the fence with the exception of the eastern wall loss includes slots for defensive soldiers .

And take the main tower in the inner courtyard form of big castle square-shaped side length of 30 meters and a height of 17 meters and consists castle of three -storey square-shaped and are found in corners of the tower of the four towers, semi-circular ends of the top balcony prominent and these towers above the main tower includes slots for throwing darts at two levels The mosque occupies the first floor of the castle , which consists dish and four defensive iwans and corridors to allow soldiers to pass easily through the defense of the castle. , and this was the minaret of the mosque, but collapsed recently .

The second floor contains the corridors and halls and inner compartments . It features a large room on the third floor ( seat Sultan Qaat Bay) sits down to see the ships on a day's journey from Alexandria covered cellar cross Also located on this floor furnace for the preparation of bread made ​​from wheat land as well as the mill to grind grain for the soldiers living in the castle. The new Sultan Qansuh Ghouri castle and increased the garrison of this castle has been neglected in the Ottoman occupation of Egypt . Castle Qaitbay established the fortress of Sultan Malik al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Bey Mahmoudi year 882 AH / 1477 AD place Mannar ancient Alexandria at the eastern tip of the island of Pharos in the late Mamluk state , which is about building a separate length of 60 meters and width of 50 meters , and the thickness of walls 4.5 meters .

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Pharaonic Egypt in the Archaic period

Pharaonic Egypt in the Archaic period

A period which includes the first and second families

Family first :

According to property listings , the first king of the family carries the name ( Mini ) or Mena , one of the attributes to him the first to establish the city of Memphis , and there is considerable debate about the character of this king , stockpiles card ivory from the reign of King Hur Aha found the interface palace inside a sign ( of ) in the sense installer , so there is a view linking King Hur Aha and King Mona Aattabrōhma two names for one king , on the grounds that his name Horus means ( Warrior ) and after the unit called himself Mona Vision that there is another opinion separates the two angels from each other is that this card is a celebration of Aha predecessor Mini

* The German Institute in Cairo has re- excavated in the tombs of the kings of the first family at Abydos , which drilled by the beginning of the twentieth century Flinders Petrie in 1901-1902 and where they found the printer clay seal stating the names of the kings of the first family are all Petrtibhm timetable :

1 . Narmer 2 . Aha 3 . Drag 4 . Jet 5 . Den 6 . Ankh Ip 7 . Samar Khet 8 . Bottomed

In addition to these names appeared the name of Queen Nate was goddess of the Delta and the goddess of war and its Bhrepettan crossbones symbol , is believed to be the mother of King Dano was testament to his throne for a period of

• The capital of the Archaic period is Memphis, near the dead Rhinaolkn was cowardly Abydos , where the origin of the kings of this family in Theny therefore knew Archaic period era Altheny also , though Lapidus has included many of the tombs of the two families first and second , but he found the tombs of these kings at Saqqara , some archaeologists to tombs of Saqqara as was the largest and grandest where their bodies were buried

1 . Narmer :

This is the first kings of the family and found his tomb at Abydos , and provoked the most famous of those palette found in Temple City Nkht Balcolm Red

2 . Aha Aha or Hur :

Followed by King Narmer on the throne, was found on his tomb at Abydos and the tomb fall down the largest in Saqqara , and responded to the effects of many references to the wars of him against the Libyans and Nubians and celebrations ceremony of his coronation , and built a lot of temples and especially the goddess Nate housewife North , which was the headquarters of the city of Sais ( Saitic ) in West Delta , and his wife was called Queen Nate Hotep sense ( Nate dissatisfied ) , and this may have been the wife of the people of this city and this marriage was a marriage policies in order to confirm the unity

3 . Traction :

Characterized by the effects of the King by the technique developed , and has a cemetery in Abydos , he thought the Egyptians they Cemetery deity Osiris , and this was the cemetery place is the pilgrimage to the length of the Pharaonic times as the tomb of the god Osiris , and was this King Activity Harbi where he scored his name on the rocks near the area and them at Wadi Halfa in Nubia , which refers to the kings of the first family to secure Egypt and the opening of trade routes in the upper Nubia in Sudan

4 . Dunn :

Is one of the kings of the first family , who received his information either from his tomb or a stone Palermo , and in the custody of the back of the title Alnsopety also said he fought nomads in eastern Egypt and celebrating Valentine's Day Sdo The most important tombs of the era cemetery and the minister Hmaka at Saqqara have been moved their furniture to the Egyptian Museum and the tomb of his mother Nate Merritt Abydos

5 . IP wonder :

The most important information about his age and his tomb that he ordered an inventory of agricultural lands and herds of cattle so that on a regular basis every two years

6 . Samar Khet :

The most important events of his time onset of disputes and attempted rape throne among the members of the owner's house than it appears near the end as the beginning of the rule of this family

7 . Table Amos :

Found his tomb at Abydos and another larger than in Sagarho titles and his staff know that there is a big jump in the administrative organization of the state , for example: there was about official of irrigation works and another for keeping records , or to do an inventory of land and herds

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The Great Temple of Abu Simbel

The Great Temple of Abu Simbel

Abu Simbel rocky hill, about 280 km south of Aswan, in the year 1250 BC Ramses acknowledge the deliberate two temples, the largest for himself and his God Ra Hur followed my sister, and Amon, and Ptah, and a small mirror to the goddess Hathor and Nefertari. On the walls of temples Atnakect inscriptions and great views. The front of the temple Pttkon four colossal statues of Ramses deliberate, their height of 20 meters and door delivers fuel to 180 feet in length.

With the passage of time covered Ramla statues of the main temple up to the knees and preferred temple of Manasseh, up to the year 1813 when the Swiss Orientalist Gah LG Borjardt . Borjardt discussed the matter with the explorer Giovanni Taliani Balonzy and Savro Sawa on the region and Haulo enter the temple but Vchlo drilling in the entrance , but in 1817 he returned Balonzy and succeeded in entering the temple .

Temples were at risk of sinking as a result of the formation of Lake Nasser after the High Dam us Vataaont Egyptian government with UNESCO in 1965 to move to the nearby temple at an altitude of 183 meters above the level of protection of the lake , and the work was an international campaign to collect donations . Necessitated the process of cutting the temple to transport large stones Atrft from its place of origin has been assembled in the new place and the process ended in September 22, 1968 . The transport cost of $ 40 million and one of the greatest archaeological engineering .

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Lighthouse of Alexandria

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Beacon or lighthouse is a tower or a building located near the beach or in the sea, and sends the light from the ports at the top of the lighthouse by Light Source Kalmsabih or brights or optical lenses currently or by a campfire in the past. The first lighthouse in history is the Lighthouse of Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea .

Of the seven wonders were called Pharos , its location was on the tip of a peninsula , a place Pharos current Bey Citadel in the city of Alexandria in Egypt . Is the first lighthouse in the world Sostrat filed in the era of " Ptolemy II " in 270 BC. M. and rises 120 meters and destroyed in an earthquake in 1323. Historically, the Lighthouse of Alexandria , which was one of the seven wonders , has established in 280 BC . AD , in the era of " Ptolemy II " , was built by the architect Greek " Sostratos ," was the length of one hundred and twenty meters , and some believe that the stones used in the construction of the castle Bey is one of the stones Fanar devastating , and that the location of the castle is the same site of the collapsed lighthouse , has described " Masoudi ," in the year 944 AD , Al Fanar and honest description , estimated to rise by about 230 cubits . The earthquake occurred in 1303 during the reign of Sultan " al-Nasir Muhammad ," struck the eastern Mediterranean , and destroyed the defenses of Alexandria and the lighthouse walls . The description " Maqreezi ," in his plans , what happened to the city from destruction , and said that the prince " Rukn al-Din Bieber Aljchenkar " Omar has a lighthouse, any carcasses , in the year 703 AH . After the devastating earthquake half a century , visited the " Ibn Battuta " Alexandria , in his second voyage , in 1350 , he wrote , " and I went to the lighthouse , on my return to the country of Morocco , and found it was seized by the devastation , so that can not be entered or climb it; was " King Nasser ," proceeded to build a beacon Bazaúha , Fagah death for completion . " And tells of the Egyptian "son of andropause ," that when he visited the Sultan , " Ashraf Bey " Alexandria , in 1477 , ordered to be built somewhere Fanar new tower , which Maaraf later tower Bey , then bishop Bey , which still exists, even today. See a special theme and detailed Lighthouse of Alexandria .

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The effects of renewed between Egyptian Pharaonic and Islamic

The effects of renewed between Egyptian Pharaonic and Islamic

Hardly a day passes in Egypt without discovering more of Pharaonic monuments or Islamic or other , That the country which has seen the construction and the fall of the feast of nations and empires , may be the richest in the Arab world in terms of the importance of tourism .
The Ministry announced yesterday that Egyptian antiquities Egyptian mission - French discovered near the city of Luxor, the southern capital of five royal statues made ​​of limestone . The ministry's statement did not specify the identity of the owners of property warheads , which was characterized as other statues there is the head of the snake « Cobra » on the top front, and as a result are statues belong to a king or one of the gods of ancient Egypt.
The head of the Egyptian Antiquities Mohamed Abdel Maksoud said the heads of the statues , which were discovered in the Temple of Armant , 25 km from Luxor , bearing the crown of Upper and sea , with an average height of 50 centimeters head crown .
He guessed Abdel-Maksoud, it dates back to the Middle Kingdom (about 2050-1786 BC) , pointing out that archaeologists are currently working on a study of the discovered heads to see if they involve the statues unveiled without a head in the same area in the past years .
In terms of Islamic monuments , The Director of the restoration of Islamic monuments in the Pacific Salah Kantara and Bir al-Abed that the re- opening of the Abbasid mosque in Ismailia after the completion of the restoration work is an achievement in light of the circumstances surrounding the country's financial and security .
For his part , praised the archaeological researcher Sameh al-Zahar , and a specialist in Islamic and Coptic monuments , the efforts to save the mosque. He pointed out that the importance of this historic mosque lies in that it is among the oldest mosques in Egypt , and one of the archaeological ruins . Has been established by the Khedive Abbas Hilmi II after digging the Suez Canal , as it was a safe haven for area residents war and peaceful .
Zahar said that the mosque is an architectural masterpiece and is a revival of Mamluk architecture in all its elements , architectural and decorative . And a height of nine meters , and ends with a stone in the form of balconies and botanical papers , and contains the writings of a third line bearing verses from the poem approach Burda of Imam Busairi .

اقرء المزيد